When people think of an adventure safari or visiting Uganda, they often dream of seeing or exploring the famous and exciting Big Five. This special group of animals includes the lion, leopard, elephant, buffalo, and rhinoceros. The name “Big Five” comes from the old hunting days, as these animals were the hardest and most dangerous to track or hunt on foot. Uganda is not only famous for its mountain gorillas but also a great place to see all five of these animals. Today, these animals, ‘the big five’, are the most prized to see in the wild while on a safari in some of the National parks in Uganda. You can only see the Big 4 of the Big 5 in the wilderness, and those are the lion, leopard, elephant, and buffalo.
And for the Rhinos in Uganda, they can be spotted, seen, or tracked in Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary and other places like Ajai National Wildlife Reserve, where they are being reintroduced. The best National Parks to see the Big 4 in the wild are Murchison Falls National Park, Queen Elizabeth National Park, and Kidepo Valley National Park. Below is some of the information you will need to know about the things that make each animal of the Big 5 unique and make your trip more rewarding before you happen to meet or see them in the wild before you set off for a safari in the National Parks of Uganda.
The Lion (Panthera Leo)
Lions are a key attraction with a population of over 400 to 500 all over the country. Being one of the most dangerous, harmful, and hardest animals to spot, track, or see in the wild, this made it one of the famous fierce Big Five, giving no chance to miss on a safari in Uganda. Lions are very interesting animals in the wild, and here is briefly what you should note down about them before your visit.
The lion, which is scientifically called Panthera Leo, is known as the King of the Jungle in the wild. They belong to the cat family, and they are the only true social animals among the big cats. They live in groups called prides, having about 3-4 males, a dozen females, and cubs, making a total of about 5-15 members per pride. These prides are led by dominant males and related lionesses.
The males are normally thrown out of the pride at the age of 3 – 4 years by the dominant males because at the age of 7, they usually try to take over the pride. Females ‘lionesses’ are lifelong sisters who do most of the hunting during nighttime and raise the cubs, but males are outsiders who fight to take over, protect prides and their territories. Lions are most active at dawn, dusk, and at night, but also sleep for over 20 hours.
Being carnivorous animals, lions feed on other mammals like antelopes, zebras, and buffalo, among others, and they also do cooperative hunting of small and medium animals. Lions have various behaviors that make them appear more social than any other cat family, which include rubbing cheeks to greet, hugging stomachs to bid farewell, and also using scent marking and visual displays, to name a few.
Lions produce a sound by roaring, which can be heard about 8 km away, used to mark their territories, call pride members, and for defense among the few. Talking of the differences in gender and other cat families, lions have unique differences where Males weigh up to about 190kg and have manes, while the females are relatively smaller and male.
Lions have a gestation period of 110 days, giving birth to 1 to 4 cubs, breed year-round with peaks after the rainy seasons, and are the largest carnivores with a life expectancy of about 10 to 15 years in the wild.
In Uganda, lions are found, seen, spotted, and tracked in savanna parks, which are Queen Elizabeth National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, and Kidepo Valley National Park. The lions found in the Ishasha sector of Queen Elizabeth are famous for their unique habit of climbing and resting in trees, not to hunt but to escape heat, avoid bites from flies, and catch a cool breeze.
The best time to see and spot lions in the wild is during the dry seasons, which are from June to September and December to February, when the trails are well drained, the grass is short, and the lions gather around the water sources through activities like game drives and lion tracking using radio tracker equipment to locate and monitor lions in their natural habitat.
Leopard (Panthera Pardus)
The leopard is one of the most secretive animals, scientifically called Panthera pardus, belonging to the cat family and is one of the big cats in the wild. Leopards are one of the fiercest animals amongst the Big 5 because they are good at hiding and camouflaging. Below is brief information you need to know about leopards before a safari in Uganda.
A leopard is an exclusive hunter who appears to be a shy and solitary animal that is mostly active at night, which makes it the hardest of the Big 5 to spot in the wilderness. Leopards do not live in groups because they hunt by stalking and surprising their prey, which works best alone. They also don’t need protection from other leopards, and these reasons contribute to why it’s hard to see them on a safari.
They are incredibly strong, excellent climbers, and can drag heavy prey twice their weight up into the trees, something no other big cat can do, to eat in peace and keep it safe from other predators. Leopards have a beautiful spotted golden coat with dark rosettes that make them masters of camouflage in the wild, enabling them to ambush their prey. Their rosette spots act like fingerprints, where each pattern is unique to each individual, and they are good at hiding and camouflage.
Leopards mostly have a solitary life, living and hunting alone except when raising the cubs. Each leopard has a large territory it patrols strictly except when going to mate. Since they are nocturnal, your best chance to spot them is on night game drives, and during the day you can spot some of them often resting on thick branches.
The best time to see leopards in the wild is in the early mornings between 6 am and 9 am, and at night during the dry seasons, from June to September and December to February. Leopards produce raspy, awkward sounds but are generally silent. The best National Parks to spot leopards in Uganda are Kidepo Valley National Park for the best odds, Queen Elizabeth National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, and Lake Mburo National Park for night drives, also in the forests of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and Kibale National Park.
Leopard populations are difficult to estimate because of their secretive nature, but they are considered stable. Leopards are unique animals with notable differences, where males are generally larger and more muscular than females. The gestation period of leopards is about 90 to 109 days, with a life expectancy of about 12 years on average in the wild. As carnivores, they feed on small animals like antelopes, monkeys, impalas, and birds, to mention a few.
The African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana)
Uganda is a tourist destination and home to two types of African elephants: African savanna elephants and African forest elephants. The savannah elephants are the largest, with pale gray skin and large, curved tusks, whereas forest elephants are smaller in size, darker, and have straight tusks. The African Savanna Elephants are the most popular type of elephants, which you can easily tell by their big ears shaped like the map of Africa. The elephants are the gentle giants in the park, and they are the largest land mammals. Elephants are also fierce animals, though they look calm, and below is briefly what you should know about elephants before going on a safari in Uganda.
Elephants live in herds led by an older female, usually referred to as the ‘Matriarch’. The Matriarch uses decades of memory, remembering water sources from droughts about 30 years ago, and also performs other duties like keeping the family together, teaching the calves how to use their trunks and what plants to eat, to mention a few. In Uganda, the elephants roam the savannas but are also very smart about using forests to find food.
Elephants are also known as animals that travel long distances for food and water. Elephants spend about 16 – 18 hours eating up to about 150kg of vegetation and drink up to 200 litres of water per day. Elephants produce sounds and vibrations that are complex, using trumpets with low-frequency rumbles from the stomach and infrasound that travels for miles, which are below human hearing, to talk to herds that are kilometers away. Elephants have wonderful and amusing behaviors where they might seem calm and gentle but can be dangerous if they feel threatened.
Mothers with babies are most dangerous, and if an elephant flaps its ears, kicks dust, or fake charges, you are advised to back away slowly because it’s a bluff where a real charge is silent and fast. Elephants wallow in mud, splash water on their bodies using trunks to regulate their body temperatures, with ears playing relatively the same role. The best national parks to see and spot savanna elephants are Murchison Falls National Park with the largest herds, Queen Elizabeth National Park and Kidepo Valley National Park.
For forest elephants, the best national parks to see and spot them are Kibale National Park, Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and Semuliki National Park. Males (bulls) can weigh up to over 6000kg and females weigh lighter, with a life expectancy of about 40 to 60 years. Elephants are the only land animals with the longest gestation period of 22 months, where females breed at 3 to 5 years and are herbivores in nature, feeding on grasses, leaves, bark, and fruits.
The African Buffalo (Syncercus caffer)
The buffaloes are considered to be the dangerous giants in the wilderness because they are very unpredictable and will fiercely defend themselves, especially if they feel threatened. The African Buffalo looks like a huge, dark cow living in large herds known as the ‘Black Death’. These herds can number in hundreds of about 50 – 500 Buffalos and also communicate with a ‘’MOO’’ sound similar to that of domestic cattle.
Buffalo (males) use a group defense mechanism when threatened, where they form a circle or a ring around the calves with horns facing outwards. In this format, buffalo kill more hunters in the wild than any other animal and are extremely reactive and will charge without warning. Males over 10 years often leave the herd to live alone, and these are the most aggressive/dangerous and have thick, worn-down horns.
For the buffalo to cool down their body temperatures and get rid of ticks and parasites, they wallow in mud, usually in the wallowing grounds. Buffalo are grazers or herbivores, spending much time in the grasslands feeding on grass and near water bodies to get water for drinking. Males (bulls) weigh up to about 900 kg, with heavier and stronger horns joining in the middle, and the gestation period of the buffalo(female) is about 11 months (330 – 346 days), with a life expectancy of about 15 years on average.
The various National Parks to see buffalo in Uganda include Queen Elizabeth National Park, Murchison Falls National Park, Lake Mburo National Park, Kidepo Valley National Park, and for the small forest buffalo in the dense forest of Semuliki National Park. Buffaloes are best seen in the morning hours around 6 am and 9 am during the dry seasons.
The Rhinoceros (Ceratherium Simum – White Rhino)
The Rhinos are the second-largest land mammals that are relatively calm, having a stocky body and a wide mouth for grazing. The rhinoceros (white rhino) is the most endangered animal species and the rarest of the Big Five in the wilderness. Rhinos are not found anywhere in the wild in Uganda; rather, you can see White Rhinos at Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary, which used to be the only place in Uganda to see them, but now they are being reintroduced to other conservation areas like Ajia Wild Reserve.
White Rhinos are often found in small family groups (crashes), and the rhinos are grazers or herbivores that feed on grass. Uganda has no wild rhinos because of poaching, which became extinct in the 1980s, but they are now being protected at Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary, where their population is growing steadily as part of a long-term conservation and reintroduction program. From Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary, the rhinos are being reintroduced and introduced to other conservation areas of the country under strong protection and maintenance by the Uganda Wildlife Authority and other organisations.
Generally, the rhinos are very silent or mute animals that are active during early morning and evening. You can track or walk with an armed ranger, maintaining a safe distance of about 7 metres away from the rhinos. Rhinos have very poor sight but have an incredible and excellent sense of smell and hearing. But also, if at any chance they face you, you are advised to stop calmly and stay quiet.
Rhino horns are made of keratin (like human hair and nails), which are used for digging roots, breaking branches, and dominance displays, but not fighting. Male rhinos can weigh over 2300kg; females are lighter at around 1700kg having a gestation of about 16 months (450 days) and a life expectancy of over 40 years on average. Rhinos are big, tough, and mostly solitary animals, where mothers stay with their calf for 2 – 3 years.
For your next to-do list on your Uganda safari, make sure the Big Five is on it because having a sighting of these amazing creatures is the best thing that you could ever do and will keep for a lifetime to tell your loved ones about. You can also feel free to contact us, and we can customize an itinerary for you that will include the Big Five along with other attractions as you desire.
